Profile

Shay Soker, Ph.D.

Shay Soker, Ph.D.

Professor, Institute for Regenerative Medicine
Translational Science Institute
Comprehensive Cancer Center
Center for Diabetes Research
Center for Biomolecular Imaging
Sticht Center on Aging
Physiology & Pharmacology
Translational Science Institute
Urology
Cancer Biology

Contact Information

Academic: 336-713-7295 | Department: 336-716-2011

Email: ssoker@wakehealth.edu

Additional Languages

Hebrew

Education & Training

  • Ph.D., , 1993
  • M.Sc., Hebrew University Hadassah Med-Israel , 1987
  • B.Sc., Hebrew University Hadassah Med-Israel , 1985
  • Fellowship, Childrens Hospital Of Boston, 1997
Shay Soker, Ph.D.

Shay Soker, Ph.D.

Professor, Institute for Regenerative Medicine Translational Science Institute
Comprehensive Cancer Center
Center for Diabetes Research
Center for Biomolecular Imaging
Sticht Center on Aging
Physiology & Pharmacology
Translational Science Institute
Urology
Cancer Biology

Research Interests

biotechnology, cancer/oncogenesis, cell growth, differentiation,d, critical/intensive care medici, diabetes, drugs/therapeutic agents pharm, engineering/bioengineering, environmental sciences, model development, radiology/imaging, surgery/trauma/burns/trauma, transplantation

Contact Information

Academic: 336-713-7295 | Department: 336-716-2011

Email: ssoker@wakehealth.edu

Recent Publications

Criswell TL, Corona BT, Wang Z, Zhou Y, Niu G, Xu Y, Christ GJ, Soker S. The role of endothelial cells in myofiber differentiation and the vascularization and innervation of bioengineered muscle tissue in vivo. Biomaterials. 2013;34(1):140-149.


Barlow KD, Sanders AM, Soker S, Ergun S, Metheny-Barlow LJ. Pericytes on the tumor vasculature: Jekyll or Hyde?. Cancer Microenviron. 2013;6(1):1-17.

Choi JS, Kim EY, Kim MJ, Giegengack M, Khan FA, Khang G, Soker S. In vitro evaluation of the interactions between human corneal endothelial cells and extracellular matrix proteins. Biomed Mater. 2013;8(1):014108.

Orlando G, Booth C, Wang Z, Petrosyan A, Ross CL, Iskandar S, Rogers J, Farney AC, Delario G, Stratta RJ, Perin L, Soker S. Discarded kidneys as a platform for renal bioengineering and regeneration investigations [abstract]. Am J Transplant. 2013;13(Suppl 2):78.

Baptista PM, Vyas D, Moran E, Wang Z, Soker S. Human liver bioengineering using a whole liver decellularized bioscaffold. Methods Mol Biol. 2013;1001():289-298.

Whited BM, Hofmann MC, Lu P, Xu Y, Rylander CG, Wang G, Sapoznik E, Criswell T, Lee SJ, Soker S, Rylander MN. Dynamic, nondestructive imaging of a bioengineered vascular graft endothelium. PLoS One. 2013;8(4):e61275.

Zhou Y, Mack DL, Williams JK, Mirmalek-Sani SH, Moorefield E, Chun SY, Wang J, Lorenzetti D, Furth M, Atala A, Soker S. Genetic modification of primate amniotic fluid-derived stem cells produces pancreatic progenitor cells in vitro. Cells Tissues Organs. 2013;197(4):269-282.

Criswell TL, Corona BT, Ward CL, Miller M, Patel M, Wang Z, Christ GJ, Soker S. Compression-induced muscle injury in rats that mimics compartment syndrome in humans. Am J Pathol. 2012;180(2):787-797.

Totonelli G, Maghsoudlou P, Garriboli M, Riegler J, Orlando G, Burns AJ, Sebire NJ, Smith VV, Fishman JM, Ghionzoli M, Turmaine M, Birchall MA, Atala A, Soker S, Lythgoe MF, Seifalian A, Pierro A, Eaton S, De Coppi P. A rat decellularized small bowel scaffold that preserves villus-crypt architecture for intestinal regeneration. Biomaterials. 2012;33(12):3401-3410.

Orlando G, Mirmalek-Sani SH, Sullivan DC, Farney A, Iskandar S, Abouschwareb T [sic] [Aboushwareb T], Arenas-Herrera J, Ko IK, Agcaoili S, Yoo JJ, Atala A, Stratta RJ, Soker S. Production and implantation of renal extracellular matrix scaffolds from porcine kidneys as a platform for renal bioengineering [abstract]. Am J Transplant. 2012;12(Suppl 2):94.

Skardal A, Smith L, Bharadwaj S, Atala A, Soker S, Zhang Y. Tissue specific synthetic ECM hydrogels for 3-D in vitro maintenance of hepatocyte function. Biomaterials. 2012;33(18):4565-4575.

Orlando G, Wood KJ, De Coppi P, Baptista PM, Binder KW, Bitar KN, Breuer C, Burnett L, Christ G, Farney A, Figliuzzi M, Holmes JH IV, Koch K, Macchiarini P, Mirmalek Sani S-H, Opara E, Remuzzi A, Rogers J, Saul JM, Seliktar D,. Regenerative medicine as applied to general surgery. Ann Surg. 2012;255(5):867-880.

Mack DL, Skardal A, Yoo J, Soker S. Bioprinted amniotic fluid-derived stem cells accelerate wound healing in skin [abstract]. Mol Ther. 2012;20(Suppl 1):S285.

Hofmann MC, Whited BM, Mitchell J, Vogt WC, Criswell T, Rylander C, Rylander MN, Soker S, Wang G, Xu Y. Scanning-fiber-based imaging method for tissue engineering. J Biomed Opt. 2012;17(6):066010.

Orlando G, Farney AC, Iskandar SS, Mirmalek-Sani S-H, Sullivan DC, Moran E, AbouShwareb T, De Coppi P, Wood KJ, Stratta RJ, Atala A, Yoo JJ, Soker S. Production and implantation of renal extracellular matrix scaffolds from porcine kidneys as a platform for renal bioengineering investigations. Ann Surg. 2012;256(2):363-370.

Tillman BW, Yazdani SK, Neff LP, Corriere MA, Christ GJ, Soker S, Atala A, Geary RL, Yoo JJ. Bioengineered vascular access maintains structural integrity in response to arteriovenous flow and repeated needle puncture. J Vasc Surg. 2012;56(3):783-793.

Choi JS, Kim EY, Kim MJ, Giegengack M, Khang G, Soker S. Optimized cultivation of human corneal endothelial cells for transplantation [abstract]. J Tissue Eng Regen Med. 2012;6(Suppl 1):138-139.

Criswell TL, Corona BT, Wang Z, Soker S. The use of fluorescent imaging to detect the neovascularization and differentiation of skeletal muscle in vivo [abstract]. J Tissue Eng Regen Med. 2012;6(Suppl 1):315.

Hofmann MC, Whited BM, Criswell T, Rylander MN, Rylander CG, Soker S, Wang G, Xu Y. A fiber-optic-based imaging system for nondestructive assessment of cell-seeded tissue-engineered scaffolds. Tissue Eng Part C Methods. 2012;18(9):677-687.

Joo S, Helms A, Sivanandane S, Jackson JD, Soker S, Lee SJ, Atala A, Opara E, Yoo JJ. Development of ovarian follicle-like structures [abstract]. J Tissue Eng Regen Med. 2012;6(Suppl 1):131.

Ko IK, Mirmalek-Sani S-H, Aboushwareb T, Atala A, Soker S, Yoo J. Re-endothelialization of acellular kidney scaffolds for whole organ engineering [abstract]. J Tissue Eng Regen Med. 2012;6(Suppl 1):128.

Niu G, Choi JS, Kim MJ, Giegengack M, Soker S. Bioengineering gelatin hydrogel for corneal endothelial cell repair [abstract]. J Tissue Eng Regen Med. 2012;6(Suppl 1):139.

Niu G, Sapoznik E, Criswell T, Lee SJ, Soker S. Genipin cross-linked poly(epsilon-caprolactone)/collagen scaffolds for vascular graft applications [abstract]. J Tissue Eng Regen Med. 2012;6(Suppl 1):144-145.

Orlando G, Wang Z, Booth C, Ross C, Totonelli G, De Coppi P, Marini F, Atala A, Stratta RJ, Soker S. Production and characterization of human renal and ileal ECM scaffols: the ideal platform for renal and intestinal bioengineering investigations [abstract]. J Tissue Eng Regen Med. 2012;6(Suppl 1):127-128.

Skardal A, Mack D, Kapetanovic E, Atala A, Jackson JD, Yoo J, Soker S. Bioprinted amniotic fluid-derived stem cells accelerate healing of large skin wounds. Stem Cells Transl Med. 2012;1(11):792-802.

Kim BS, Chun SY, Lee JK, Lim HJ, Bae JS, Chung HY, Atala A, Soker S, Yoo JJ, Kwon TG. Human amniotic fluid stem cell injection therapy for urethral sphincter regeneration in an animal model. BMC Med. 2012;10():94.

Booth C, Soker T, Baptista P, Ross CL, Soker S, Farooq U, Stratta RJ, Orlando G. Liver bioengineering: current status and future perspectives. World J Gastroenterol. 2012;18(47):6926-6934.

Wang Z, Schuch G, Williams JK, Soker S. Peripheral blood stem cells In: Atala A, Lanza R, Thomson JA, Nerem R, eds. Principles of regenerative medicine. 2nd ed. San Diego (CA): Academic Press;2011: 383-401.

Delo DM, Guan X, Wang Z, Groban L, Callahan M, Smith T, Sane DC, Payne RM, Atala A, Soker S. Calcification after myocardial infarction is independent of amniotic fluid stem cell injection. Cardiovasc Pathol. 2011;20(2):e69-e78.

Baptista PM, Siddiqui MM, Lozier G, Rodriguez SR, Atala A, Soker S. The use of whole organ decellularization for the generation of a vascularized liver organoid. Hepatology. 2011;53(2):604-617.

Guan X, Delo DM, Atala A, Soker S. In vitro cardiomyogenic potential of human amniotic fluid stem cells. J Tissue Eng Regen Med. 2011;5(3):220-228.

Neff LP, Tillman BW, Yazdani SK, Machingal MA, Yoo JJ, Soker S, Bernish BW, Geary RL, Christ GJ. Vascular smooth muscle enhances functionality of tissue-engineered blood vessels in vivo. J Vasc Surg. 2011;53(2):426-434.

Raya-Rivera A, Esquiliano DR, Yoo JJ, Lopez-Bayghen E, Soker S, Atala A. Tissue-engineered autologous urethras for patients who need reconstruction: an observational study. Lancet. 2011;377(9772):1175-1182.

Soler R, Vianello A, Fullhase C, Wang Z, Atala A, Soker S, Yoo JJ, Williams JK. Vascular therapy for radiation cystitis. Neurourol Urodyn. 2011;30(3):428-434.

Orlando G, Baptista P, Birchall M, De Coppi P, Farney A, Opara E, Rogers J, Stratta RJ, Atala A, Soker S, et al. Regenerative medicine as applied to solid organ transplantation: current status and future challenges. Transpl Int. 2011;24(3):223-232.

Orlando G, Wood KJ, Stratta RJ, Yoo JJ, Atala A, Soker S. Regenerative medicine and organ transplantation: past, present, and future. Transplantation. 2011;91(12):1310-1317.

Lang R, Stern MM, Smith L, Bharadwaj S, Baptista PM, Bergman CR, Soker S, Yoo JJ, Atala A, Zhang Y, et al. Three-dimensional culture of hepatocytes on porcine liver tissue-derived extracellular matrix. Biomaterials. 2011;32(29):7042-7052.

Orlando G, Wood KJ, Soker S, Stratta RJ. How regenerative medicine may contribute to the achievement of an immunosuppression-free state [letter]. Transplantation. 2011;92(8):e36-e38.

Bernish BW, Ma X, Wang Z, Machingal M, Soker S, Geary RL. Adipose-derived stem cells versus artery explants as sources of autologous smooth muscle for blood vessel bioengineering [abstract]. J Vasc Surg. 2011;54(6):1862-1863.

De Coppi P, Soker S, Atala A. Stem cells derived from amniotic fluid and placenta In: Atala A, Lanza R, Thomson JA, Nerem RM, eds. Foundations of regenerative medicine: clinical and therapeutic applications. Boston (MA): Academic Press/Elsevier;2010: 154-165.

Yazdani SK, Tillman BW, Berry JL, Soker S, Geary RL. The fate of an endothelium layer after preconditioning. J Vasc Surg. 2010;51(1):174-183.


Choi JS, Williams JK, Greven M, Walter KA, Laber PW, Khang G, Soker S. Bioengineering endothelialized neo-corneas using donor-derived corneal endothelial cells and decellularized corneal stroma. Biomaterials. 2010;31(26):6738-6745.

Hipp JA, Hipp JD, Atala A, Soker S. Functional genomics: new insights into the 'function' of low levels of gene expression in stem cells. Curr Genomics. 2010;11(5):354-358.

Neff LP, Tillman B, Yazadani S, Machinga M, Yoo J, Soker S, Bernishi B, Geary R, Christ G. Vascular smooth muscle enhances functionality of tissue engineered blood vessels in vivo [abstract]. J Vasc Surg. 2010;51(Suppl):4S.

Hipp JA, Hipp JD, Atala A, Soker S. Ethanol alters the osteogenic differentiation of amniotic fluid-derived stem cells. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2010;34(10):1714-1722.

Orlando G, Hematti P, Stratta RJ, Burke GW III, Di Cocco P, Pisani F, Soker S, Wood K. Clinical operational tolerance after renal transplantation: current status and future challenges. Ann Surg. 2010;252(6):915-928.

Baptista PM, Wang Z, Atala A, Soker S. The use of whole organ decellularization for the bioengineering of a human vascularized liver [abstract]. Hepatology. 2010;52(4 Suppl):325A.

Eberli D, Soker S, Atala A, Yoo JJ. Optimization of human skeletal muscle precursor cell culture and myofiber formation in vitro. Methods. 2009;47(2):98-103.

Stern MM, Myers RL, Hammam N, Stern KA, Eberli D, Kritchevsky SB, Soker S, Van Dyke M. The influence of extracellular matrix derived from skeletal muscle tissue on the proliferation and differentiation of myogenic progenitor cells ex vivo. Biomaterials. 2009;30(12):2393-2399.

Koh CJ, Delo DM, Lee JW, Siddiqui MM, Lanza RP, Soker S, Yoo JJ, Atala A. Parthenogenesis-derived multipotent stem cells adapted for tissue engineering applications. Methods. 2009;47(2):90-97.

Orlando G, Soker S, Wood K. Operational tolerance after liver transplantation. J Hepatol. 2009;50(6):1247-1257.

Atala A, Yoo J, Lim G, Czerw R, Soker S, Stitzel J, inventors; Wake Forest University Health Sciences, assignee. Cell scaffold matrices with incorporated therapeutic agents. United States patent US 7,531,503. 2009 May 12. 2009;():.

Orlando G, Mirmalek-Sani S-H, Baptista PM, Zhang Y, Atala A, Soker S. A rapid decellularization technique for organ storage and recellularization [abstract]. Transpl Int. 2009;22(Suppl 2):253.

Baptista PM, Orlando G, Mirmalek-Sani S-H, Siddiqui M, Atala A, Soker S. Whole organ decellularization-- a tool for bioscaffold fabrication and organ bioengineering. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2009;1():6526-6529.

Ribeiro M, Baptista P, Soker S, Atala A. Dilution rate optimization on the perfusion cell seeding on a decellularized liver bioscaffold [abstract]. N Biotechnol. 2009;25(Suppl 1):S25.

Williams JK, Baptista PM, Daunais JB, Szeliga KT, Friedman DP, Soker S. The effects of ethanol consumption on vasculogenesis potential in nonhuman primates. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2008;32(1):155-161.

Bartsch G Jr, Eggert K, Soker S, Bokemeyer C, Hautmann R, Schuch G. Combined antiangiogenic therapy is superior to single inhibitors in a model of renal cell carcinoma. J Urol. 2008;179(1):326-332.

De Coppi P, Soker S, Atala A. Stem cells derived from amniotic fluid and placenta In: Atala A, Lanza R, Thomson JA, Nerem RM, eds. Principles of regenerative medicine. Boston (MA): Academic Press;2008: 226-237.

Soker S, Schuch G, Williams JK. Peripheral blood stem cells In: Atala A, Lanza R, Thomson JA, Nerem RM, eds. Principles of regenerative medicine. Boston (MA): Academic Press;2008: 438-455.

Eberli D, Yoo J, Soker S, Atala A. Muscle progenitor cells for the restoration of irreversibly damaged sphincter function [abstract]. Eur Urol. 2008;7(3 Suppl):317.

Lee SJ, Oh SH, Liu J, Soker S, Atala A, Yoo JJ. The use of thermal treatments to enhance the mechanical properties of electrospun poly (epsilon-caprolactone) scaffolds. Biomaterials. 2008;29(10):1422-1430.

Barclay WW, Axanova LS, Chen W, Romero L, Maund SL, Soker S, Lees CJ, Cramer SD. Characterization of adult prostatic progenitor/stem cells exhibiting self-renewal and multilineage differentiation. Stem Cells. 2008;26(3):600-610.

Lee SJ, Liu J, Oh SH, Soker S, Atala A, Yoo JJ. Development of a composite vascular scaffolding system that withstands physiological vascular conditions. Biomaterials. 2008;29(19):2891-2898.

Baptista PM, Nguyen V, Atala A, Soker S. Generation of a bioartificial liver using a decellularized whole liver bioscaffold [abstract]. Tissue Eng Part A. 2008;14(5):738.

Connolly SS, Yoo JJ, Abouheba M, Soker S, McDougal WS, Atala A. Cavernous nerve regeneration using acellular nerve grafts. World J Urol. 2008;26(4):333-339.

Delo DM, Wang Z, Shaffer R, Guan X, Neshat S, Smith T, Callahan M, Groban L, Atala A, Soker S. Effects of human amniotic fluid derived stem cells on cardiac function after myocardial infarction [abstract]. Tissue Eng Part A. 2008;14(5):844.

Delo DM, Olson J, Baptista P, Zhu JM, Atala A, Soker S. Non invasive longitudinal tracking of human amniotic fluid stem cells in the mouse heart [abstract]. Tissue Eng Part A. 2008;14(5):887.

Komura M, Nomi M, Soker S, Yoo JJ, Atala A. Functional reconstruction of engineered digits [abstract]. Tissue Eng Part A. 2008;14(5):855.

Lee DJ, Tsangaris S, Baptista P, Jarajapu Y, Kincaid E, Kon N, Berry J, Soker S, Yoo JJ, Atala A. Circulating progenitor cells obtained from valvular disease patients: potential applications for engineering heart valves [abstract]. Tissue Eng Part A. 2008;14(5):824.

Zhang YY, McNeill E, Soker S, Yoo JJ, Atala A. A novel cell source for urologic tissue reconstruction [abstract]. Tissue Eng Part A. 2008;14(5):697.

Saban MR, Backer JM, Backer MV, Maier J, Fowler B, Davis CA, Simpson C, Wu XR, Birder L, Soker S, et al. VEGF receptors and neuropilins are expressed in the urothelial and neuronal cells in normal mouse urinary bladder and are upregulated in inflammation. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2008;295(1):F60-F72.

Zhang Y, McNeill E, Tian H, Soker S, Andersson K-E, Yoo JJ, Atala A. Urine derived cells are a potential source for urological tissue reconstruction. J Urol. 2008;180(5):2226-2233.

Delo DM, Eberli D, Williams JK, Andersson K-E, Atala A, Soker S. Angiogenic gene modification of skeletal muscle cells to compensate for ageing-induced decline in bioengineered functional muscle tissue. BJU Int. 2008;102(7):878-884.

Delo DM, Olson J, Baptista PM, D'Agostino RB Jr, Atala A, Zhu J-M, Soker S. Non-invasive longitudinal tracking of human amniotic fluid stem cells in the mouse heart. Stem Cells. 2008;17(6):1185-1194.

De Coppi P, Bartsch G Jr, Siddiqui MM, Xu T, Santos CC, Perin L, Yoo JJ, Furth ME, Soker S, Atala A, et al. Isolation of amniotic stem cell lines with potential for therapy. Nat Biotechnol. 2007;25(1):100-106.

Myers RL, Carnagey KM, Soker S, Van Dyke M, Kritchevsky S. Impact of age on characteristics of muscle progenitor cells and adipose derived stem cells [abstract]. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2007;55(4 Suppl):S66.

Baptista P, Siddiqqui M, Atala A, Soker S. A novel whole organ bioscaffold for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications [abstract]. FASEB J. 2007;21(6):A1233.

Delo D, Neshat S, Christ G, Groban L, Olson J, Zhu J-M, Atala A, Soker S. Amniotic fluid derived stem cells for cardiac therapeutics [abstract]. FASEB J. 2007;21(5):A229.

Lee DJ, Tsangaris S, Baptista P, Jarajapu YPR, Kincaid E, Kon N, Berry J, Soker S, Yoo J, Atala A. Engineering of heart valves using circulating progenitor cells from patients with valvular disease--a feasibility study [abstract]. FASEB J. 2007;21(6):A975.

Van Dyke M, Oberpenning F, Meng J, Soker S, Yoo JJ, Atala A. Total organ replacement using tissue engineering [abstract]. FASEB J. 2007;21(5):A140.

Soker S, Cakmak S, Olmez G, Buyukbayram H, Nergiz Y. Investigation of the toxic effects of ropivacaine corneal endothelium by the impression cytological method. Saudi Med J. 2007;28(7):1018-1020.

Baptista PM, Atala A, Soker S. Liver tissue engineering using an acellular whole organ bioscaffold with perfusion cell seeding [abstract]. Tissue Eng. 2007;13(7):1721.

Dawn D, Olson J, Atala A, Zhu JM, Soker S. Mouse cardiac MR imaging of magnetically labeled human amniotic fluid stem cells for longitudinal cell graft monitoring [abstract]. Tissue Eng. 2007;13(7):1731.

Eberli D, Yoo J, Soker S, Atala A. Muscle progenitor cells for the restoration of irreversibly damaged sphincter function: a pre-clinical study [abstract]. Tissue Eng. 2007;13(7):1732-1733.

Santos C, Klorig D, Chun SY, Atala A, Soker S. Human amniotic fluid-derived stem cells: a novel source of dopaminergic neurons? [abstract]. Tissue Eng. 2007;13(7):1705.

Eberli D, Tillman B, Yoo J, Soker S, Atala A. Muscle progenitor cells for the restoration of irreversibly damaged sphincter function: a preclinical study. J Am Coll Surg. 2007;205(3 Suppl):S106.

Hipp J, Tillman B, Hipp J, Hodges S, Atala A, Soker S. Transcriptional profiling of human amniotic fluid derived stem cells and their multilineage differentiation [abstract]. J Am Coll Surg. 2007;205(3 Suppl):S65.

Bartsch G Jr, Eggert K, Soker S, Fiedler W, Laack E, Volkmer BG, Gschwend J, Bokemeyer C, Hautmann R, Schuch G. Development of anti angiogenesis combination therapy for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma [German]. Urologe. 2007;46(9):1289-1290.

Amiel GE, Komura M, Shapira O, Yoo JJ, Yazdani S, Berry J, Kaushal S, Bischoff J, Atala A, Soker S. Engineering of blood vessels from acellular collagen matrices coated with human endothelial cells. Tissue Eng. 2006;12(8):2355-2365.

Neshat-Vahid S, Delo D, Milanesi A, Christ G, Atala A, Soker S. Amniotic fluid derived stem cells for cardiac therapeutics [abstract]. Eur Heart J. 2006;27(Suppl 1):19-20.

Yu Y, Fuhr J, Boye E, Gyorffy S, Soker S, Atala A, Mulliken JB, Bischoff J. Mesenchymal stem cells and adipogenesis in hemangioma involution. Stem Cells. 2006;24(6):1605-1612.

All Publications

For a listing of recent publications, refer to PubMed, a service provided by the National Library of Medicine.

For a list of earlier publications, visit the Carpenter Library Publication Search.

Professor, Institute for Regenerative Medicine

Quick Reference

Request an Appointment
New Patients

336-716-WAKE
888-716-WAKE

Existing patients may contact the clinic directly.
Find a Doctor Ways to Give
USNWR 2012-2013Best Doctors 2011-2012 AwardMagnet Hospital RecognitionIndependent Measures of Excellence298 Wake Forest Baptist Physicians Named to Prestigious 2013 Best Doctors

Disclaimer: The information on this website is for general informational purposes only and SHOULD NOT be relied upon as a substitute for sound professional medical advice, evaluation or care from your physician or other qualified health care provider.