Methemoglobinemia
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Definition
Methemoglobinemia is a blood disorder in which an abnormal amount of methemoglobin -- a form of hemoglobin -- is produced. Hemoglobin is the molecule in red blood cells that distributes oxygen to the body. Methemoglobin cannot release oxygen.
In methemoglobinemia, the hemoglobin is unable to release oxygen effectively to body tissues.
Alternative Names
Hemoglobin M disease; Erythrocyte reductase deficiency; Generalized reductase deficiency
Causes, incidence, and risk factors
Methemoglobinemia may be passed down through families (inherited or congenital). Or, it may be caused by exposure to certain drugs, chemicals, or foods (acquired).
There are two forms of inherited methemoglobinemia. The first form is passed on by both parents. The parents usually do not have the condition themselves, but they carry the gene that causes the condition. It occurs when there is a problem with an enzyme called cytochrome b5 reductase.
There are two types of this form of methemoglobinemia:
Type 1 (also called erythrocyte reductase deficiency) occurs when red blood cells lack the enzyme.
Type 2 (also called generalized reductase deficiency) occurs when the enzyme doesn't work anywhere in the body.
The second form of inherited methemoglobinemia is called hemoglobin M disease. It is caused by defects in the hemoglobin molecule itself. Only one parent needs to pass on the abnormal gene for the child to inherit the disease.
Acquired methemoglobinemia is more common than the inherited forms. It occurs in some people after they are exposed to certain chemicals and drugs, including:
Anesthetics such as benzocaine
Benzene
Certain antibiotics (including dapsone and chloroquine)
Nitrites (used as additives to prevent meat from spoiling)
The condition may also occur in infants who are very ill or who are fed too many vegetables containing nitrates (such as beets).
References
DeBaun MR, Frei-Jones M, Vichinsky E. Hereditary methemoglobinemia. In: Kliegman RM, Behrman RE, Jenson HB, Stanton BF, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 19th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier; 2011:chap 456.7.
Fernandez-Frackelton M, Bocock J. Cyanosis. In: Marx JA, Hockberger RS, Walls RM, et al, eds. Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. 7th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Mosby Elsevier; 2009:chap 29.
Review Date: 4/16/2012
Reviewed By: A.D.A.M. Health Solutions, Ebix, Inc., Editorial Team: David Zieve, MD, MHA, and David R. Eltz. Previously reviewed by Linda Vorvick, MD, Medical Director, MEDEX Northwest Division of Physician Assistant Studies, University of Washington School of Medicine; and Yi-Bin Chen, MD, Leukemia/Bone Marrow Transplant Program, Massachusetts General Hospital (8/24/2011).
The information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. A licensed physician should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. Call 911 for all medical emergencies. Links to other sites are provided for information only -- they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. Copyright 2004 A.D.A.M., Inc. Any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited.
Alternative Names
Hemoglobin M disease; Erythrocyte reductase deficiency; Generalized reductase deficiency
Symptoms
Symptoms of type 1 methemoglobinemia (erythrocyte reductase deficiency) include:
Symptoms of type 2 methemoglobinemia (generalized reductase deficiency) include:
Developmental delay
Failure to thrive
Mental retardation
Seizures
Symptoms of hemoglobin M disease include:
Symptoms of acquired methemoglobinemia include:
Signs and tests
Methemoglobinemia can be diagnosed with a blood test.
A baby with this condition will have a bluish skin color (cyanosis) at birth or shortly afterward. Arterial blood gases and pulse oximetry tests may be done.
References
DeBaun MR, Frei-Jones M, Vichinsky E. Hereditary methemoglobinemia. In: Kliegman RM, Behrman RE, Jenson HB, Stanton BF, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 19th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier; 2011:chap 456.7.
Fernandez-Frackelton M, Bocock J. Cyanosis. In: Marx JA, Hockberger RS, Walls RM, et al, eds. Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. 7th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Mosby Elsevier; 2009:chap 29.
Review Date: 4/16/2012
Reviewed By: A.D.A.M. Health Solutions, Ebix, Inc., Editorial Team: David Zieve, MD, MHA, and David R. Eltz. Previously reviewed by Linda Vorvick, MD, Medical Director, MEDEX Northwest Division of Physician Assistant Studies, University of Washington School of Medicine; and Yi-Bin Chen, MD, Leukemia/Bone Marrow Transplant Program, Massachusetts General Hospital (8/24/2011).
The information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. A licensed physician should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. Call 911 for all medical emergencies. Links to other sites are provided for information only -- they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. Copyright 2004 A.D.A.M., Inc. Any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited.
Alternative Names
Hemoglobin M disease; Erythrocyte reductase deficiency; Generalized reductase deficiency
Treatment
A medicine called methylene blue is used to treat severe methemoglobinemia. Note: Methylene blue may be dangerous in patients who have or may be at risk for a blood disease called G6PD deficiency, and should not be used. If you or your child has G6PD deficiency, always tell your health care provider before receiving treatment.
Ascorbic acid may also be used to reduce the level of methemoglobin.
Alternative treatments include hyperbaric oxygen therapy and exchange transfusions.
In most cases of mild acquired methemoglobinemia, no treatment is needed. However, you should avoid the medicine or chemical that caused the problem. Severe cases may need treatment, which may include a blood transfusion.
Expectations (prognosis)
People with type 1 methemoglobinemia and hemoglobin M disease usually do well. Type 2 methemoglobinemia is much more serious, and usually causes death within the first few years of life.
People with acquired methemoglobinemia usually do very well once the drug, food, or chemical that caused the problem is identified and avoided.
Complications
Calling your health care provider
Call your health care provider if you have a family history of methemoglobinemia and you develop symptoms of this disorder.
Call your health care provider or emergency services (911) immediately if you have severe shortness of breath.
References
DeBaun MR, Frei-Jones M, Vichinsky E. Hereditary methemoglobinemia. In: Kliegman RM, Behrman RE, Jenson HB, Stanton BF, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 19th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier; 2011:chap 456.7.
Fernandez-Frackelton M, Bocock J. Cyanosis. In: Marx JA, Hockberger RS, Walls RM, et al, eds. Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. 7th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Mosby Elsevier; 2009:chap 29.
Review Date: 4/16/2012
Reviewed By: A.D.A.M. Health Solutions, Ebix, Inc., Editorial Team: David Zieve, MD, MHA, and David R. Eltz. Previously reviewed by Linda Vorvick, MD, Medical Director, MEDEX Northwest Division of Physician Assistant Studies, University of Washington School of Medicine; and Yi-Bin Chen, MD, Leukemia/Bone Marrow Transplant Program, Massachusetts General Hospital (8/24/2011).
The information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. A licensed physician should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. Call 911 for all medical emergencies. Links to other sites are provided for information only -- they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. Copyright 2004 A.D.A.M., Inc. Any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited.
Alternative Names
Hemoglobin M disease; Erythrocyte reductase deficiency; Generalized reductase deficiency
Prevention
Genetic counseling is recommended for couples with a family history of methemoglobinemia who are considering having children.
References
DeBaun MR, Frei-Jones M, Vichinsky E. Hereditary methemoglobinemia. In: Kliegman RM, Behrman RE, Jenson HB, Stanton BF, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 19th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier; 2011:chap 456.7.
Fernandez-Frackelton M, Bocock J. Cyanosis. In: Marx JA, Hockberger RS, Walls RM, et al, eds. Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. 7th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Mosby Elsevier; 2009:chap 29.
Review Date: 4/16/2012
Reviewed By: A.D.A.M. Health Solutions, Ebix, Inc., Editorial Team: David Zieve, MD, MHA, and David R. Eltz. Previously reviewed by Linda Vorvick, MD, Medical Director, MEDEX Northwest Division of Physician Assistant Studies, University of Washington School of Medicine; and Yi-Bin Chen, MD, Leukemia/Bone Marrow Transplant Program, Massachusetts General Hospital (8/24/2011).
The information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. A licensed physician should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. Call 911 for all medical emergencies. Links to other sites are provided for information only -- they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. Copyright 2004 A.D.A.M., Inc. Any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited.
Review Date: 4/16/2012
Reviewed By: A.D.A.M. Health Solutions, Ebix, Inc., Editorial Team: David Zieve, MD, MHA, and David R. Eltz. Previously reviewed by Linda Vorvick, MD, Medical Director, MEDEX Northwest Division of Physician Assistant Studies, University of Washington School of Medicine; and Yi-Bin Chen, MD, Leukemia/Bone Marrow Transplant Program, Massachusetts General Hospital (8/24/2011).
The information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. A licensed physician should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. Call 911 for all medical emergencies. Links to other sites are provided for information only -- they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. Copyright 2004 A.D.A.M., Inc. Any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited.